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The Periodic Table of elements is a listing of known elements organized by their atomic number. The Periodic Table was changed over time and the order has changed to have their atomic numbers in order but also by lising them by their properties.[1]
Periods
Each row is a period of elements in which chemical properties repeat.
Groups
The columns are groups or families. The elements in each group have similar properties because they have the same amount of valance electrons in the outer orbital giving each of the elements their unique properties. Dimitri Mendeleev was the first to organize the periodic table.[2]
Table of Elements
| Group # | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 H | 2 He | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li | 4 Be | 5 B | 6 C | 7 N | 8 O | 9 F | 10 Ne | ||||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na | 12 Mg | 13 Al | 14 Si | 15 P | 16 S | 17 Cl | 18 Ar | ||||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K | 20 Ca | 21 Sc | 22 Ti | 23 V | 24 Cr | 25 Mn | 26 Fe | 27 Co | 28 Ni | 29 Cu | 30 Zn | 31 Ga | 32 Ge | 33 As | 34 Se | 35 Br | 36 Kr | ||
| 5 | 37 Rb | 38 Sr | 39 Y | 40 Zr | 41 Nb | 42 Mo | 43 Tc | 44 Ru | 45 Rh | 46 Pd | 47 Ag | 48 Cd | 49 In | 50 Sn | 51 Sb | 52 Te | 53 I | 54 Xe | ||
| 6 | 55 Cs | 56 Ba | * | 72 Hf | 73 Ta | 74 W | 75 Re | 76 Os | 77 Ir | 78 Pt | 79 Au | 80 Hg | 81 Tl | 82 Pb | 83 Bi | 84 Po | 85 At | 86 Rn | ||
| 7 | 87 Fr | 88 Ra | ** | 104 Rf | 105 Db | 106 Sg | 107 Bh | 108 Hs | 109 Mt | 110 Ds | 111 Rg | 112 Uub | 113 Uut | 114 Uuq | 115 Uup | 116 Uuh | (117) (Uus) | 118 Uuo | ||
| * Lanthanides | 57 La | 58 Ce | 59 Pr | 60 Nd | 61 Pm | 62 Sm | 63 Eu | 64 Gd | 65 Tb | 66 Dy | 67 Ho | 68 Er | 69 Tm | 70 Yb | 71 Lu | |||||
| ** Actinides | 89 Ac | 90 Th | 91 Pa | 92 U | 93 Np | 94 Pu | 95 Am | 96 Cm | 97 Bk | 98 Cf | 99 Es | 100 Fm | 101 Md | 102 No | 103 Lr | |||||
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History
In 1869 Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev arranged chemical elements by atomic mass. He predicted the discovery of other elements and left space open in his periodic table for them. [3] Mendeleyev is regarded as the primary discoverer of the periodic table. However, in 1868 (a full year before Mendeleyev), a German chemist named Lothar Meyer designed a table of elements which resembles the present periodic table. Unfortunately he did not publish this work until after the appearance of Mendeleev's first paper on the subject in 1869.[4]
Periodic Law
Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
Periodic Trends
Trends in electronegativity
Categories of Elements
Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals
Most of the periodic table is composed of metals that are on the bottom left corner of the periodic table and the top right part of the periodic table is the nonmetals and the semimetals are on the middle of the them. semimetals hve properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals, thats the reason why the semimetals are in the midle. Metals Common characteristics: Metallic luster, Generally solids at room temperature, Malleable, Ductile, Conduct heat and electricity, Combine with other metals to form alloys, Form positive ions. Nonmetals Common characteristics: Rarely have metallic luster (shine), usually gases at room temperature, Neither malleable or ductile, Poor conductors of heat and electricity, ussually are as molecules, they Combine with other nonmetals to form covalent bonds, normally form negative ions. Semimetals (Metalloids) are a class of 8 elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Common characteristics are: look metallic but are brittle, neither good conductors or insulators. [5]
Major categories of Elements
Important Groups/Families of Elements
Groups are the columns of the periodic table. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons. The periodic table of elements has diffent groups that have a special name like the Alkali metals (group 1), Alkaline Earth metals (group 2), the Transition metals (all the elements from group 3 to group 12), Halogens (group 17 Known as 7a),and The Noble Gases (group 18 known as 8a).
Properties of the Elements
In the periodic table there are special elements like the elements with the atomic number of 84 and up that are unstable and so they are radio active and can become a diffrent element and release harmful particals like alpia and beta particals and gamma rays that are even mosre harmful. No element higher than 92 occuer naturally, these elements are produced artificially in nuclear reactions.[6] Another type of elements is the elements in group 18 or 8a that are the noble gases that dont bond to other elements and have the electron configureation that all elements are requierd to have. The alkali metals all react violently in water.
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Further Reading
The Comic Book Periodic Table of Elements
http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/atomic/metals.html
Reference
- ↑ Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Dec 11, 2003 periodic table of elements -retreve date 2-5-09
- ↑ Lackman, Jon 2005 "Elemental" -retreve date 2-6-09
- ↑ Lenntech Periodic table history 1998 -retreive date 2/6/09
- ↑ Julian Trubin
- ↑ atomic structues: metals, nonmetals, semimetals. -retreave date 2-5-09
- ↑ David D. Hsu. 1996 chemicool -retreve date 2-5-09
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